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12.2 读取文件

12.2.0. 写在正文之前

第12章要做一个实例的项目——一个命令行程序。这个程序是一个grep(Global Regular Expression Print),是一个全局正则搜索和输出的工具。它的功能是在指定的文件中搜索出指定的文字。

这个项目分为这么几步:

12.2.2. 回顾

这是截止到上文所写出的所有代码:

use std::env;

fn main() {
    let args:Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
    let query = &args[1];
    let filename = &args[2];

    println!("Searching for {}", query);
    println!("In file {}", filename);
}

代码到此解决了读取用户指令的部分,接下来要根据用户的输入读取文件。

12.2.3. 读取文件

为了实现读取文件的操作,需要引入std::fs,这个模块可以处理与文件相关的事物:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use std::fs;
}

接下来,根据filename来读取文件:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
let contents = fs::read_to_string(filename);
}

当然,读取会可能发生错误,所以它的返回值并不直接就是内容而是Result枚举,针对这个枚举,可以使用expect方法来解包,expect方法的参数是如果发生错误时打印的错误信息(expect方法在 9.2. Result枚举与可恢复的错误 Pt.1 中有详细介绍)。

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
let contents = fs::read_to_string(filename)
.expect("Something went wrong while reading the file");//这里换行只是为了这行不过长
}

如果能成功读取,就把读取到的内容打印出来:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
println!("With text:\n{}", contents);
}

12.2.4. 代码测试

实现到这一步,可以对代码进行一些测试了。

这是截止到目前所写出的所有代码:

use std::env;
use std::fs;

fn main() {
    let args:Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
    let query = &args[1];
    let filename = &args[2];

    println!("Searching for {}", query);
    println!("In file {}", filename);

    let contents = fs::read_to_string(filename)
        .expect("Something went wrong while reading the file");//这里换行只是为了这行不过长
    println!("With text:\n{}", contents);
}

首先在项目目录下创建一个.txt文本,名字可以自己取,我取的是poem.txt,然后在里面随便放点文本内容,我放的是:

I'm nobody! Who are you?
Are you nobody, too?
Then there's a pair of us - don't tell!
They'd banish us, you know.

How dreary to be somebody!
How public, like a frog
To tell your name the livelong day
To an admiring bog!

然后输入命令:

cargo run -- the poem.txt
  • 这里的--是代表后面所写的是参数是用来区分Cargo 命令的参数传递给程序的参数的。它的作用是告诉 Cargo,接下来的内容不是 Cargo 的选项或参数,而是运行程序时需要传递给程序的参数。它并不会被读取和存储。
  • the对应的就是要查找的内容,会被存储在query
  • poem.txt就是文件名,会被存储在filename

输出:

$ cargo run -- the poem.txt
   Compiling minigrep v0.1.0 (/tmp/minigrep)
    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.08s
     Running `target/debug/minigrep the poem.txt`
Searching for the
In file poem.txt
With text:
I'm nobody! Who are you?
Are you nobody, too?
Then there's a pair of us - don't tell!
They'd banish us, you know.

How dreary to be somebody!
How public, like a frog
To tell your name the livelong day
To an admiring bog!

没有任何问题。